SectionThe Science
Atlas04 of 04
TopicReceptors & reset kinetics
Entries30 systems
Adapting20 of 30

No. 04The targets

What’s
actually
changing
in there.

The 30 receptors, enzymes, transporters and axes our compounds bind to. 20 of them adapt. This page is the inventory of what adapts, how it adapts, and how long it takes to recover — the timing data that drives every cycle on the previous three pages.

Cross-refs

Pathways → No. 02
Compounds → No. 03

Sort order

Adapting first, by reset time. Stable last.

§ 0How to read a target entry

Four numbers tell you everything.

For every adapting target, we record how it adapts (the mechanism), how fast it desensitizes (the time constant), and how long the full reset takes (the recovery window) — each rated for evidence quality.

The reset window is what determines whether a compound goes on the Short Cycle or the Long Cycle.

Adenosine A1/A2A receptors

adenosine-a1-a2a · receptor

Adapts

receptor downregulation

Time constant~36–48 h
Full reset7–12 days
What resetsReceptor density normalizes as upregulated receptors are internalized and gene expression returns to baseline.
EvidenceClinical
FIG. 04.AAn adapting receptor. The 7–12 day full-reset window is what makes caffeine a Short-Cycle compound, not a daily one.
Behavior
Type

30 systems shown

No. 01R

TrkA/TrkB neurotrophin receptors

trka-trkb · receptor

Adapts

receptor downregulation

Time constant~2 weeks
Full reset2–3 weeks
What resetsTrkA receptor density recovers and downstream Ras-MAPK pathway sensitivity resets; NGF/BDNF gene expression returns to responsive baseline
Evidencepreclinical
No. 04A

HPA axis (CRH → ACTH → cortisol)

hpa-axis · axis

Adapts

axis set point drift

Time constant~2–3 weeks
Full reset3–4 weeks
What resetsHPA axis cortisol set-point reverts toward natural baseline; CRH/ACTH feedback sensitivity recovers; GABA-A receptor sensitivity fully restores
Evidenceclinical
No. 06S

Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling complex

keap1-nrf2-are · signaling complex

Adapts

feedback loop desensitization

Time constant~2 weeks
Full reset2–3 weeks
What resetsKeap1-mediated Nrf2 feedback resets; ARE transcription responsiveness and phase II enzyme (GST, NQO1) expression returns to inducible baseline
Evidencepreclinical
No. 09R

Muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor

muscarinic-m1 · receptor

Adapts

receptor downregulation

Time constant~48 hours
Full reset5–7 days
What resetsM1 receptor density and coupling efficiency recover as desensitized receptors are recycled to the membrane
Evidencepreclinical
No. 10R

Melatonin MT1/MT2 receptors

mt1-mt2 · receptor

Adapts

receptor downregulation

Time constant~48 hours
Full reset5–7 days
What resetsMT1/MT2 receptor density recovers and AANAT enzyme activity re-engages for endogenous melatonin production
Evidenceclinical
No. 12R

GABA-A receptor

gaba-a · receptor

Adapts

receptor internalization

Time constant~48 hours
Full reset5–7 days (Category B) / 2–3 weeks (chronic)
What resetsGABA-A receptor subunits traffic back to cell surface via exocytosis; benzodiazepine-site sensitivity recovers
Evidenceclinical
No. 13R

α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

nicotinic-alpha7 · receptor

Adapts

receptor downregulation

Time constant~48 hours
Full reset5–7 days
What resetsα7 nAChR density recovers from choline-driven desensitization
Evidencepreclinical
No. 16E

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

aadc · enzyme

Adapts

substrate competition

Time constant~48 hours
Full reset3–5 days
What resetsAADC substrate competition resolves; balanced monoamine synthesis (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) restores
Evidencepreclinical
No. 17E

Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL)

gcl · enzyme

Adapts

feedback loop desensitization

Time constant~48–72 hours
Full reset5–7 days
What resetsGCL enzyme expression resets and endogenous Nrf2-ARE redox signaling restores
Evidencepreclinical
No. 21T

SLC6A8 creatine transporter

slc6a8 · transporter

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 22T

TauT (SLC6A6) taurine transporter

taut-slc6a6 · transporter

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 23P

Cellular NAD+ pool

nad-pool · substrate pool

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 25P

Electrolyte/mineral pool (Na+, K+, Mg2+)

electrolyte-pool · substrate pool

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 26P

Omega-3/SPM precursor pool

omega-spm-pool · substrate pool

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 27P

Keratin precursor substrate pool

keratin-substrate · substrate pool

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 28P

Enzymatic cofactor pool (Mg2+, Zn2+, B vitamins)

cofactor-pool · substrate pool

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

No. 29R

Vitamin D receptor (VDR)

vdr-nuclear · receptor

Stable

Pharmacologically stable. No meaningful adaptation in response to sustained exposure — daily dosing is appropriate.

By the numbers

Where the evidence is strong, and where we’re working with less.

Total targets

30

Across receptors, enzymes, transporters, axes, signaling complexes and substrate pools.

Adapt with use

20

These are the targets that drive the cycling schedule.

Clinical evidence

6

Adapting targets with human RCT or longitudinal reset data.

Preclinical evidence

12

Strong animal / in-vitro data; human data suggestive but partial.

The targets classified by mechanistic inference are disclosed on their entries above. We cycle them — but we want you to know the empirical timing data is thinner than for the clinical-rated ones.