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Astragalosides + Cycloastragenol

Astragalus

TLR-4 trained immunity + telomerase (hTERT) upregulation

Bovine colostrum

Bovine Colostrum

Mucosal barrier substrate and passive immune factor support

Inonotus obliquus beta-glucans

Chaga

Dectin-1 / TLR beta-glucan trained immunity

Ubiquinone (CoQ10)

Coenzyme Q10

Mitochondrial ETC Complex III electron shuttle (ubiquinone ↔ ubiquinol redox cycling)

Hydrolyzed collagen peptides

Collagen

Fibroblast substrate supply (prolyl-hydroxyproline signaling)

Creatine monohydrate

Creatine

SLC6A8 creatine transporter saturation kinetics

Electrolytes

Renal homeostatic clearance (RAAS axis, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase demand)

Ginkgo flavonoids + Terpene lactones

Ginkgo Biloba

eNOS/NO-mediated cerebral vasodilation + MAO-B enzyme inhibition

EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)

Green Tea

Keap1/Nrf2 electrophilic activation + AMPK kinase stimulation

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) + Vitexin

Hawthorn

eNOS/NO-mediated vasodilation + mild PDE inhibition (OPCs, vitexin)

Jojoba oil

Jojoba Oil

Skin lipid barrier support

L-theanine

L Theanine

Glutamate receptor modulation / α-wave enhancement

L-tyrosine

L Tyrosine

AADC substrate supply (catecholamine biosynthesis rate-limiting step)

Hericenones + Erinacines

Lions Mane

NGF gene expression upregulation (non-receptor-mediated)

Magnesium glycinate

Magnesium

Enzymatic cofactor demand (not receptor agonism)

Grifola frondosa D-fraction

Maitake

Dectin-1 NK/macrophage activation

Silymarin (silybin)

Milk Thistle

NF-κB suppression + Nrf2 antioxidant gene expression (silybin)

Panthenol

Panthenol

Topical barrier conditioning and moisture retention

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Phosphatidylserine

Neuronal membrane phospholipid substrate supply (non-receptor-mediated HPA blunting)

Polydeoxyribonucleotide

Polydeoxyribonucleotide

Dermal regeneration support tied to extracellular matrix rebuilding

Quercetin

Quercetin

Keap1/Nrf2 activation + NF-κB inhibition (kinase blockade)

Fulvic acid

Shilajit

Mitochondrial ETC electron shuttle activity (CoQ10 synergy)

Taurine

Taurine

TauT (SLC6A6) transporter-mediated cellular uptake / osmolyte pool maintenance

PSK polysaccharopeptide

Turkey Tail

TLR-2/Dectin-1 trained immunity pathway (epigenetic, non-desensitizing)

Curcumin

Turmeric

IKK→NF-κB covalent inhibition + Keap1 cysteine modification (Nrf2 activation)

5-hydroxytryptophan

5 Htp

5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptor downregulation / AADC substrate competition

Alpha-GPC

Alpha Gpc

α7 nAChR / M1 mAChR density regulation and AChE expression

Berberine HCl

Berberine

AMPK-α subunit phosphorylation sensitivity / AMPK-mTOR signaling balance

Caffeine

Caffeine

Adenosine A1/A2A receptor upregulation rate

Catuabines A–C

Catuaba

Monoamine reuptake inhibition → dopamine D2 receptor downregulation

Chrysin

Chrysin

CYP19A1 aromatase enzyme upregulation (compensation for sustained inhibition)

Arbutin + Pinocembrin

Damiana

5-HT2 receptor partial agonism + mild cholinergic stimulation

DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol)

Dmae

Choline precursor → ACh elevation → muscarinic M1 receptor desensitization

Ferulic acid + Z-ligustilide

Dong Quai

ER-α receptor downregulation (phytoestrogenic partial agonism)

Icariin

Epimedium

PDE-5 enzyme upregulation (compensatory response to sustained cGMP elevation)

GABA

Gaba

GABA-A receptor internalization rate / GABA-B G-protein decoupling

Eugenol + Ursolic acid

Holy Basil

COX-2 inhibition + HPA axis cortisol-output suppression (eugenol, ursolic acid)

Huperzine A

Huperzine A

AChE enzyme turnover rate (~48hr resynthesis) / M1 muscarinic receptor resensitization

Rosmarinic acid

Lemon Balm

GABA-T inhibition → elevated synaptic GABA → GABA-A receptor downregulation

Honokiol + Magnolol

Magnolia Bark Extract

GABA-A benzodiazepine site PAM (honokiol) + 5-HT2A partial agonism

Melatonin

Melatonin

MT1/MT2 receptor density / AANAT enzyme feedback suppression

Methylene blue (USP grade)

Methylene Blue

Mitochondrial ETC complex I/III expression maintenance / NAD⁺:NADH ratio

Ptychopetalum alkaloids

Muira Puama

AChE inhibition + dopamine receptor downregulation (dual pathway)

N-acetyl cysteine

Nac

GCL feedback inhibition / Nrf2-ARE redox signaling restoration

Ginsenosides (Rg1, Rb1)

Panax Ginseng

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) downregulation / HPA axis GR sensitivity

Chrysin + Orientin

Passion Flower

GABA-A benzodiazepine site partial agonism → α1 subunit downregulation

Trans-resveratrol

Resveratrol

NAD⁺ salvage pathway recovery rate / PDE expression normalization

Salidroside + Rosavins

Rhodiola

HPA axis feedback recalibration / cortisol receptor (GR) sensitivity

Protodioscin (steroidal saponin)

Tribulus Terrestris

HPG axis negative feedback (LH pulse suppression via sustained receptor stimulation)

Valerenic acid

Valerian

GABA-A receptor subunit internalization (α1 subunit trafficking rate)

Withanolides

Ashwagandha

HPA axis cortisol set-point recalibration (CRH/ACTH feedback loop, multi-week time constant)

Bacosides A & B

Bacopa

Multi-system synaptic receptor adaptation rate (5-HT₃ / AChR / BDNF expression time constant)

Cordycepin

Cordyceps

Adenosine A1/A2A/A3 receptor downregulation + AMPK-PGC-1α pathway adaptation

Macamides + Macaenes

Maca

FAAH inhibition / endocannabinoid tone adaptation + HPG axis feedback recalibration

Moringa isothiocyanates

Moringa

Keap1-Nrf2-ARE feedback desensitization / NQO1/GST expression normalization

Ganoderic acids

Reishi

NF-κB / TLR-mediated macrophage polarization balance (M1/M2 ratio drift)

Eurycomanone

Tongkat Ali

HPG axis GnRH pulse frequency / LH receptor sensitivity recalibration